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RARE 1859 DOMINICAN PRESIDENT PEDRO SANTANA TO KING OF ITALY SIGNED DOCUMENT:
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RARE ORIGINAL 1859 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC\'S 1STPRESIDENT PEDRO SANTANA (1801-1864) SIGNED DOCUMENT TO KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II OF SARDINIA & ITALY (1820-1878) AND ARCHIVAL FRAME WITH UV PROTECTIVE GLASS!!!IT IS A ONE-A-KIND, MUSEUM WORTHY, HISTORIC DOCUMENT WHICH ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS BETWEEN THE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC AND KING VICTOR EMMANUEL II ON FEBRUARY 21, 1859.
PLEASE SEE TRANSCRIPTION BELOW:
Dios Patria y Libertad
Republica Dominicana
Presidente de la Republica
Deseando fomentar las relaciones de amistad y de comercio que existen entre la Republica Dominicana y SuMajestad el Rey de Cerdena y juzgando por lo mismo conveniente el nombramiento de un Consul que con arreglo a las leyes y al derecho internacional proteja deofferamente los intereses de los Dominicanos y avise al Gobierno cuanto concierna al progreso y seguridad de dichos intereses; por tales causas, y teniendo plena confianza en la inteligencia y proofferad delSeñor Agustin Fontana he venido en nombrarlo, como por las presentes le nombro, Consul de la Republica Dominicana en la Ciudad de Genova. Por tanto, ordeno y mando a todos los Dominicanos que lo atiendan y obedezcan, y ruego al Gobierno de SuMajestad el Rey de Cerdena que loreconosca y haga reconocer como tal Consulhaciende guardar los fueros prerrogativas y privilegios que le corresponden, para que pueda ejercerpacíficamente y con toda libertad sus funciones ofreciendo a nombre de la Republica Dominicana la reciprocidad en casos semejantes. Dadas firmadas de mi mano, selladas con el sello de la Republica, y refrendadas por el Ministro Secretario de Estado del Despacho de Relaciones Exteriores, en el Palacio Nacional de Santo Domingo Capital de la Republica a losveintiúndías del mes de Febrero de mil ochocientos cincuenta y nueve anodécimo sexto de la Patria.
El Presidente de la Republica,
Santana
ENGLISH TRANSLATION:
God the Fatherland and Liberty
Dominican Republic
Republic President
Desiring to promote the friendly and commercial relations that exist between the Dominican Republic and His Majesty the King of Sardinia, and deeming for the same reason the appointment of a Consul that, in accordance with laws and international law, duly protects the interests of Dominicans. and notify the Government regarding the progress and security of said interests; for these reasons, and having full confidence in the intelligence and integrity of Mr. Agustin Fontana, I have come to name him, as I hereby name him, Consul of the Dominican Republic in the City of Genoa. Therefore, I order and command all Dominicans to attend and obey it, and I request the Government of His Majesty the King of Sardinia to recognize him and to make him recognize as such Consul, to keep the privileges and privileges that correspond to him, so that he can to exercise their functions peacefully and freely, offering reciprocity in similar cases on behalf of the Dominican Republic. Given signed by my hand, sealed with the seal of the Republic, and endorsed by the Minister Secretary of State of the Office of Foreign Relations, at the National Palace of Santo Domingo, Capital of the Republic on the twenty-first day of February, one thousand eight hundred fifty-nine year sixteen of the Homeland.
The president of the Republic,
Santana
Document Size: 16\" X 12\"
Frame Size: 24\" x 19\"
From wikipedia:
Pedro Santana y Familias,1st Marquis of Las Carreras(June 29, 1801– June 14, 1864), better known asPedro Santana, was a Dominican military commander and royalist politician who served as the president of the junta that had established theFirst Dominican Republic, a precursor to the position of thePresident of the Dominican Republic, and as the first President of the republic in the modern line of succession. A traditional royalist who was fond of theMonarchy of Spainand theSpanish Empire, he ruled as agovernor-general, but effectively as an authoritariandictator.
Born into a noble and affluent Spanish cattle ranching family inHincha(todayHincheinHaiti), Santana was a lifelong supporter of the Dominican revolt against the Haitian hegemony and a noted general during theDominican War of Independence(1844–1856). Unlike many of his political opponents who wanted to ultimately establish an independent Dominican state, Santana sought to reintegrateHispanolainto theSpanish Empire. He oversaw the reestablishment of theCaptaincy General of Santo Domingoas well as exile and imprisonment of a number of noted separatist and nationalist dissidents who had previously been his comrades during the war of independence. Under mounting pressure from the opposition which had been organizing acoup d\'etat, he was forced to resign from his position. He died during theDominican Restoration War, after which the country regained its independence.
Contents- 1Background
- 2Military and political role
- 3As a dictator
- 4Family and marriages
- 5Last years
- 6References
- 7External links
His parents were Pedro Santana, anindigenous Mexicanman, and Petronila Familias, aCanarianwoman, both landowners in the border zone between Santo Domingo and Saint Domingue; this meant that Santana was aMestizo.[1]Around 1805, Santana moved with his family to theCibaovalley for a short time, specifically inGurabo, and later permanently toEl Seiboat the eastern part of the colony, where he eventually became a cattle rancher for two years.[1]
Military and political role[edit]Portrait of Santana in 1854.Santana was the Dominican Republic\'s president (although he ruled as a dictator) during the years 1844–48, 1853–56, and 1858–61 (when Spain annexed the Dominican Republic as Santana wished). Thereafter, Santana became governor, with the rank ofCaptain Generalof theterritory. He held those titles until 1862.
Santana had great talent as a military leader, but was unable to leave his dictatorial personality on the battlefield. Though many historians criticise his rule as an economic disaster, Santana was meticulous in conducting public affairs, and obviously a great soldier.
Santana also fought with distinction in the Revolution of July 7, 1857, whenCibaoplaced their revolutionary army under his command. TheCongress of the Dominican Republicawarded Santana the title of “Liberator of the Nation” on July 18, 1849 for his victory in theBattle of Las Carreras.
Family and marriages[edit]Santana had two brothers, Ramón (b. 15 June 1801) —his twin brother— and Florencio (b. 14 November 1805) —who was paralytic, mute and mentally ill.[3]
Pedro Santana was engaged to María del Carmen Ruiz, a beautiful damsel who, when returning to her home in El Seybo from a pilgrimage to the sanctuary of Our Lady of Altagracia inHigüey, got her horse frightened with Ruiz flying and crashing against a rock, dying instantly. The death of his fiancée caused Santana a deep depression. His twin brother Ramón convinced Pedro to accompany him to visit his fiancée Froilana Febles, who lived in the town of El Seybo. In his visits to his to-be sister-in-law, Pedro fell in love with his brother\'s to-be mother-in-law, Micaela Antonia del Rivero, the rich widow of Miguel Febles, who was much older than Pedro. This meant that Froilana Febles became Pedro Santana\'s sister-in-law and stepdaughter at the same time, while Micaela del Rivero became sister-in-law and mother-in-law of Ramón Santana. The Santana-del Rivero marriage was very unhappy, but it gave Pedro Santana influence and power in the Southeastern region.[3]
He enwidowed and remarried, this time with Ana Zorrilla, who was also a widow and a bit older than him. Because of his marriages with mature women, he had no legitimate children.[4]
His brother Ramón died on 15 June 1844 during the Revolutionary war of Independence.[5]
From his brother\'s marriage to Froilana Febles, he had 3 nephews: Manuel (b. 24 March 1833), Francisco, and Rafael Santana (b. 1834-5), whom inherited many of Santana\'s properties. From Rafael Santana and his wife Paula Bobadilla is descendedCardinalOctavio Berasand comedianFreddy Beras-Goico.[4][6][7][8]
Last years[edit]Pedro Santana died in the city ofSanto Domingoon June 14, 1864, shortly after having been bestowed the hereditary title ofMarqués de las Carreras(28 March 1862), in recognition of his victory in theBattle of Las Carreras, by QueenIsabella II of Spain, and was buried in theOzama Fortressnext to the Torre del Homenaje. From 1978 his remains lie at theNational Pantheon of the Dominican Republic.
Santana died childless. He bequeathed his properties to his nephews, his godchildren, and his stepchildren. He included a pension to his disabled brother Florencio and his aunt Dominga Familia.
Victor Emmanuel II(Italian:Vittorio Emanuele II; full name:Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso diSavoia; 14 March 1820 – 9 January 1878) wasKing of Sardiniafrom 1849 until 17 March 1861, when he assumed the title ofKing of Italyand became the first king of aunited Italysince the 6th century, a title he held until his death in 1878. Borrowing from the oldLatintitlePater Patriaeof theRoman emperors, the Italians gave him the epithet ofFather of the Fatherland(Italian:Padre della Patria).
Born inTurinas the eldest son ofCharles Albert, Prince of Carignano, andMaria Theresa of Austria, he fought in theFirst Italian War of Independence(1848–49) before being made King of Piedmont-Sardinia following his father\'s abdication. He appointedCamillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. In 1855, he sent anexpeditionary corpsto side with French and British forces during theCrimean War; the deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in theBattle of the Chernaya(16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol led the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of theItalian unificationto other European powers.[1]This allowed Victor Emmanuel to ally himself withNapoleon III, Emperor of France. France had supported Sardinia in theSecond Italian War of Independence, resulting in liberatingLombardyfrom Austrian rule.
Victor Emmanuel supported theExpedition of the Thousand(1860–1861) led byGiuseppe Garibaldi, which resulted in the rapid fall of theKingdom of the Two Siciliesin southern Italy. However, Victor Emmanuel halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attackRome, still under thePapal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont, and Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victoriousbattle of Castelfidardoover the Papal forces. He subsequently met Garibaldi atTeano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy and becoming the first King of Italy on 17 March 1861.
In 1866, theThird Italian War of Independenceallowed Italy to annexVeneto. In 1870, Victor Emmanuel also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in theFranco-Prussian Wartotaking over the Papal Statesafter the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871. He died in Rome in 1878, and was buried in thePantheon.
The Italian nationalVictor Emmanuel II monumentin Rome, containing theAltare della Patria, was built in his honor.